![]() Compared with other models, this model is developed based on a modified Thevenin model, and the parameters of the developed model are relevant to state of charge, the battery surface temperature, and the deformation. The developed model is utilized to obtain the dynamic electrical response of the battery when it is deformed under external force. The maximum relative error of 0.015 V and 2% for terminal voltage and SOC respectively shows that the proposed model is accurate and relevant based on the error analysis.Ī new equivalent circuit model (ECM) of a Li‐ion battery is developed in this study. Then, the simulated terminal voltage, as well as the SOC of the battery are compared and validated against measured data. Hence, this paper seeks for the SOC estimation by using experimental terminal voltage data and SOC with Matlab lookup table. To estimate the full state of charge (SOC), the initial state of charge (SOC0) must be identified or measured. The simulation model was built in Matlab Simulink using the Kirchhoff Laws principle in mathematical equations, while the battery's internal parameters were identified by using the BTS4000 (Battery tester) device. The second-order equivalent circuit model was studied and investigated since the dynamic behavior of the battery is fully characterized. Various models have been studied and investigated, ranging from simple to complex. The modeling of lithium-ion battery is an important element to the management of batteries in industrial applications. Results show that the considered battery is subjected to a life reduction of about 2 years, which is a consequence of the increased Ah charge throughput, which moves from 120,000 Ah over 10 years (scenario without V2G services) to almost 230,000 Ah over 8 years (scenario with V2G services). Thus, it is possible to analyze and compare scenarios considering V2G services or not. This modeling phase is supported by several experimental data recorded for many charge and discharge cycles at different C-rates and for several temperatures. ![]() ![]() To this aim, this paper focuses on a battery pack made up with Li-ion nickel–manganese–cobalt (NMC) cells and proposes a semiempirical Electrothermal Aging Model, which accounts for both calendar and cycle aging. For this reason, it is of paramount importance to study and develop reliable models of the batteries, which take the aging phenomena affecting the reliability of the Li-ion cells into account to evaluate the best charging/discharging strategy and the economic revenues. Even if these are interesting and challenging opportunities, the additional charging/discharging cycles necessary to provide these services could decrease the expected life of EV batteries. ![]() Indeed, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Building (V2B), Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) as well as Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) services can be carried out depending on the particular installation and on the connection to the distribution grid of the considered recharging station. The growing interest in Electrical Vehicles (EVs) opens new possibilities in the use of Li-ion batteries in order to provide ancillary grid services while they are plugged to recharging stations. ![]()
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